Personal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Personal - Essay ExampleIn this case, the prof advocates for more utter than reading (Dickinson, 34).Good originations are always structured in sections and in this case, the professor talks of the magnificence of organizing the points. It is also important to do a dry run on the topic before the main(prenominal) innovation. Showing interests in the students is also advisable. It is always wrong to intimidate the students or embarrass them (Dilts, 67). Communication during the presentation also remains an important instalment. In this case, it is always important to engage the students in the discussion. The communication component goes with the body language, flow of the language and giving the students a chance to contribute in the discussion. Circling the class gives the professor a chance to engage with every person in the class (Dilts, 70). Accepting interruption during the presentation is evidence enough that the students are concentrating on the topic of discussion. It i s also important to finish strongly or knowing when to stop lecturing. Too much lecture can be become boring for

Reaction paper 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reaction paper 2 - Essay lessonIn the letter, King attempts to convince the ministers of the rationality of his actions and points out why they are necessary if natural gentleman goodness and morality were to be given a chance.Arguing that everyone, dust coat and black, possessed natural human goodness, King points out that most gabardine people, particularly in the north, had not heard or were perhaps not noticed the desperate condition of the black people of the South following the independence Proclamation. Although they were free, they had to try to support themselves in a world that legally segregated them from the means of doing this. Only by forcing attention on the issues, through non-violent protest, would the black people be able to gain the attention of the white people and still illustrate that there was no saveification for this oppression. Only by appealing to white people, who held all the power, could change be forced through the political process.Adhering to S t. Augustines contention that an unjust legal philosophy is no law at all, King insisted that non-violent protests such as those he was organizing were not gaolbreak the law but were instead adhering to a higher moral and ethical law. The segregation laws were directly homecoming to the Supreme Court ruling regarding equality to people of color because they were applied only to black people. He argued that to break an unjust and immoral law is thus acting in a moral and just manner for the good of the community, especially if this can be completed in a peaceful, kindly manner. This, he argued, was a necessary action because the tension in the black community was continuing to build and would presently rage out of control into violent action. Peaceful protest provided both the necessary outlet for these emotions as well as brought positive attention to the plight of his community.At the end of his letter, King criticizes the church leading

The Second World War and the United States Involvement Article

The Second World War and the United States Involvement - Article ExampleHowever, the events that followed put the countrys interests at stake on several quarters. In Europe, Germanys expansion plan threatened the occasion balance in the region. Japan was on a similar track in Asia and this directly affected the United States interests. When with child(p) Britain and France declared war against Germany in 1939, the United States felt compelled to supply arms to these allies as a step to contain Germanys advancement in the western hemisphereHitlers empire was now larger than Napoleons, and his power was absolute. On land he was strong enough to launch offensives in four directions simultaneously at sea, his three hundred U-boats were strangling Britains lifelines. Only the consecration of embattled Britain stood between him and absolute mastery of Europe- unless the United States intervened. (Manchester, 219.) The turning point that brought about the active involvement of the United States in the War was the endeavour of Pearl contain by Japan. For several years, the United States and Japan had been on a collision course over issues link to Asia. On 7 December 1941, Japanese forces struck at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. The out of the blue(predicate) strike caused the loss of many lives and severe damage to the air force and naval systems based there.The attack brought about a decisive turn in the mindset of Americans about the role of the US in the war. Now the country was united as it had never been. The sneak attack, the presence of two Japanese ambassadors in Washington pretending to negotiate peace, and an old distrust of what some still called the Yellow Peril combine to transform the war into a crusade against treacherous Orientals.(Manchester, 257)Soon after the United States launched an offensive against Japan, Germany and Italy get together on the side of Japan and declared war against the United States. The war in Europe was over on 7 May 1945 whe n Germany surrendered. Japan was crushed stage by stage under the leading of General MacArthur and Admiral Chester Nimitz. The final blow came with the dropping of nuclear bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 and 8 August 1945 respectively.The war prompted the country to consider forming a body of nations to protect the peace of the world. The United Nations was form in 1945, with the United States, Soviet Union, Great Britain, China, and France as the permanent members of the Security Council.

Endotracheal intubation pros and cons of its use in the emergency Research Paper

Endotracheal intubation pros and cons of its use in the emergency medical exam services field - Research Paper Example atomic number 18d towards the pros and cons of the exercise of endotracheal intubation during the different procedures of emergencies that are unremarkably undertaken when issues of time and saving life is at stake.In the discussion that follows, a deeper understanding on the realities buttocks the surgical process of applying endotracheal intubation shall be given way. It is through this that the characterization of the said process shall be comfortably opened for criticism with regards the positive effects as well as the negative effects of the medical approach to the patients immediately treated through endotracheal intubation (Sengupta 8). A part of the context of this particular culture shall also present the necessary reasons behind the establishment of such process and how it has been approved for medical application from this particular discussion, a p ath towards the revealing on how the entire medical approach is actually macrocosm a major breakthrough as well as a major danger to approximately patients to whom the process is applied to.Basically, endotracheal intubation is the description as to how the use of a plastic tube is utilize as a means of protection for the trachea and a direct passage for air during a critical medical situations. With the aid of laryngoscope, the tube is passed towards a path that includes the nose, larynx, and the vocal cords. This process then aims to at least give a patient that chance to breathe especially in special cases that they are already unable to release and accept air for body circulation. A bulb is then illume at the tip of the apparatus to secure the entire set up in place and repeal vomit and blood from getting through the set up.The application of the entire set up may seem to be easy to explain however, it is really hard to apply though. One applying such process needs to have a mastery of its actual practice. Particularly, this is required to assure that the patient undergoing such medical treatment does not undergo any complications along the

Justice in Benito Cereno Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Justice in Benito Cereno - Essay grammatical caseAt the end, the leader of the revolt, Babo, was caught and killed. The story creates such an atmosphere where identifying the role of justice is a difficult task. However, a thorough scrutiny reveals that real justice was not ultimately done in the story.The story reveals that the economic consumption of the revolt for the blacks was to gain freedom, not to torture the sinlessnesss. For example, after capturing the ship, the first thing Negro Babo asked was whether there were in those seas any Negro countries where they might be carried (Melville 64). This gives the insight that the sole purpose for the blacks was to regain their freedom and go back to a black country where they would not be subjugated to slavery. In addition, it is the fear of losing freedom that made them kill their master Don Alexandro Aranda. Negro Babo informed Don Benito of the intention in cast aside and gave the reason he and his companions could not other wise be sure of their liberty (Meville 65). Apparently, the blacks had no intention to enslave the whites and torture them but to ensure their own liberty.In addition, the blacks used the chance to teach the whites the lesson that subjugation, torture and last are equally painful for all humans. To illustrate, on killing Don Alexandro Aranda, the ships fitting figure-head was replaced by his skeleton. Thereafter, every white in the ship was asked, whether, from its whiteness, he should not think it a whites (Melville 66). There is evident sarcasm aiming at the mentality of the whites seeing everything done by whites as virtue and blacks as vice. In simple terms, one can say that the revolt by the blacks was an lather to regain their much-valued freedom from the clutches of the whites. The readiness of blacks to risk their lives for the air of freedom is evidenced from their claim they would do and conform themselves to everything the deponent should require as to eating and drink ing (Melville 64). Thus, the

Finance and Growth Strategies -MBA- Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Finance and Growth Strategies -MBA- - Essay ExampleIn a market where there is spic information and perfect sureness, company share valuation would create not so many hassles, however, in the real world, assessment and projection issues connive to make the valuation process easier said than done.One recommendation is the employment of earnings approaches that take advantage of a firms net after-tax earnings at a suited rate of return. In utilising an earnings-based method, at least three elements need to be established. The justice has to make an educated guess as to the amount and timing of future receipts and a suitable discount rate. An option to the employment of net after-tax earnings is to base the analysis on earnings beforehand interest and taxes (Feldman 2005 Pratt, Reilly and Schweits 2000 Pratt 1986). This procedure is fashionable and well accepted among leverage buyout groups and investors because it permits them to reach a value that take away differences in financi al structure.Essentially, substantial debate enfolds the choice of the discount rate used to get the virtually out of earnings or cash flows. This price stands for both the time value of money and the lay on the line involved in cash flows. As it is, the capital asset pricing model is a universally employed method. Nonetheless, speculative issues linked to the postulations of the appropriate market proxy, risk-free rate, and sample period have light-emitting diode valuation experts to reflect on different ways to work out an appropriate discount rate. Substitutes rear end include the application of historical market risk premiums and the employment of indices available from government or hush-hush sources (Koeplin, Sarin and Shapiro 2000, pp. 94-101 Brealey and Myers 1991 Weiss 1987).Several valuation schemes acknowledge the fact that when purchasing a business enterprise, a emptor is actually making a speculative venture today hoping for

Creating a Plan for Positive Influence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Creating a blueprint for Positive Influence - Essay ExampleIn any organization, human capital is an essential plus in achieving set objectives. Therefore, as a team up leader, understanding that each team share is preposterous is a step in the right direction. A team, therefore, presents a host of knowledge, personality, and competencies, which when tapped drop yield spectacular results. If the project is to be successful, we must have a plan that incorporates each team members attitude, values, emotions, and personalities. Team Performance and Effectiveness Achieving the best performance from a team requires paying attention to foursome important dimensions team member effort, team member knowledge and skills, team tactics, and group dynamics (Browning, 2007). autograph also claims that teamwork is the first step towards team success (1999). Therefore, determining the ability of the formed team to ensure its mandate requires consideration of values, attitudes, personality, and emotions of each member. set Values significantly shape work attitude. According to Maxwell, Values define a team and give it a unique identity (2009). He further states, a teams values attract people with like values to the team (p. 15). The desire to attain passe-partout goals is often affected by values. Therefore, realizing team success demands redirecting personal values towards set goals. reputation Personality defines an individuals characteristics. Since individualsstriveto find anichesuitable for their personality, team members should be scanned for compatibility (Nettle, 2007). Research has prove that individuals with proactivepersonalityhave excellent chances of success. Such individuals are motivated and enthusiastic. Attitudes and Emotions In 2001, Elwood & Chapman stated that team success depends more onattitudethan technical achievement. Thus, a team leader who knows how to build a positive attitude among team members can achieve highproductivity. On the ot her hand, emotions, which are human reaction to stimulus, can greatly affect team performance if not checked. Easily angered persons can bring down the entire team with them. As a team leader, communicating the mission of the team to members is crucial. This pull up stakes reduce chances of diversion and instill values necessary for success. Employees are organizations ambassadors. Therefore, their behaviors play a significant role in organizations success. As such, any new idea, incorporated into the team, must be done after consultation. This will ensure that the new ideas do not conflict with team members personal life, resulting in dedication and willingness to abide. Team Differences The team is made of people with different personalities. However, these differences will not affect the effectiveness of the team in any way. Instead, they will act as the al-Qaida on which the teams strength lies, knowing that members reactions and perceptions to situations are different. An ass essment of the sundry(a) aspects of the team revealed exciting news, a further indication that we are destined for success. First, the assessment revealed that the team is comprised of individuals with professional work attitude, which means they are aware of the boundary between private life and work. Secondly, it revealed satisfaction of close members with their jobs, which means they put all their effort in team success. Satisfaction, Performance

Warren E. Buffet 2005 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

warren E. Buffet 2005 - Essay ExampleAll along Buffett created his own rules in the game of investitures in the stocks and has achieved a fair degree of success. This paper critically examines the enthronization philosophies and decisions of Warren Buffett while detailing the performance and investments of Berkshire Hathaway, the flagship go with of Buffett including the second largest acquisition of Buffett of Pacific Corporation, a regulated energy producing company in the United States. work Benjamin Graham of Columbia University was the mentor of Warren Buffett, under whom he was trained in the artistry of investment in securities. Graham developed a method of identifying those shares whose prices are less than their intrinsic take to be and focused on other elements such as cash, net working capital, and physical assets. Buffett further circumscribed this approach to include the focus on valuable franchises that do not go into the normal valuation of shares by the market .By the year 2005, on the basis of the letters written by Warren Buffett as chairperson to the shareholders of Berkshire Hathaway, the investment philosophy of Buffett has been expounded detailing the following important elementsThe beginning(a) p(1) Economic Realities Versus history RealitiesThe foremost philosophy is to recognize and consider the economic realities at business level rather than the accounting realities, as the accounting reality is considered to be backward looking and mostly governed by the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) .The rational behind adopting the economic reality at business level is that, it takes into account the take account of intangible asset assets like patents, goodwill, trademarks and any special skills of managers, while the accounting reality does not consider the survey of these assets.(2) appeal of Lost OpportunitiesCost of lost opportunity is another important phenomenon advocated by Buffett to be considered in any inve stment decision. For Buffett, the similitude of a proposed investment, against the returns from alternative opportunities available in the market is an important benchmark consideration for investments. (3) Value initiationThe next philosophy advises that the investment should consider the intrinsic apprise of the shares as the present value of succeeding(a) expected performance. This aspect is not being considered for investment decisions in the other methods. According to Buffett intrinsic value is the only logical beat to decide on the attractiveness and worth of any business investment decisions. (4) Gain in Intrinsic Value Versus Accounting ProfitBuffett strongly followed the principle that any investment should be capable of increasing the average annual rate of gain in intrinsic value of the business on performance-share basis, rather than, the increase in the accounting profits. Buffett advocated that the gain in intrinsic value should be considered as analogous to the economic gains made by the business which is a true measure of financial performance.(5) Risks and Discounted Cash FlowsThe traditional method of determining the discount rates like Capital summation Pricing Model (CAPM) would add a risk premium to the long term risk bountiful rate of

Erich Korngold Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Erich Korngold - Essay causaCarroll calls him a remarkable child prodigy composer and supports this with a quote by Strauss.On the other hand, Palmer does non go overboard with words and maintains balanced critique he writes of Korngold as continuing to compose prolifically, and with slap-up success, throughout his teens, and later remarks that his works like Die Kathrin received less critical acclaim and failed to compass a foothold in the repertory.Thus Palmers term is quite succinct in praise. While Palmer ends his article with a comment on Korngolds strong points and deficiencies, Carroll end the article on a full(prenominal)ly supercharged note of positive praise, raising Korngolds stature to a once forgotten classic composer now renovation his popularity posthumously.An interesting revelation in comparison is that Palmer seems to drive home al close to paraphrased Carrolls words and have ensured the renewed and increase interestas in Carrolls own words it appears as af ter decades of neglect, a gradual reawakening of interest.increasingly popular. without delay turning to the third article appeared in New Groves Dictionary of music and musician Carroll seems to have re-written most of the parts of this article from his earlier version. Added to that, he seems to have bettered his chronological references to the works and achievements of Korngold. Also, Carrolls assessment of Korngolds compositions for Hollywood is quite a detailed in technicalities.virtuoso would strongly fee... Added to that, he seems to have bettered his chronological references to the works and achievements of Korngold. Also, Carrolls assessment of Korngolds compositions for Hollywood is rather detailed in technicalities. As is obvious in Carrolls earlier articles on Korngold, the critic has high praise for the musician and hails him as a composer of lush style and praises his music as having vibrant sensuousness.One would strongly feel that Carrolls intention is to ensure tha t Korngold is glorified and added to the cannon of world renowned classical composers, objet dart Palmer restrains from overtures of high-flying praise. Palmers article is more academic in nature as the references are acceptable. Though both critics have categories of similarity, like noting Korngolds landmark achievements and his gradual fame, in Hollywood, Palmer does seem more truthful in his article dapple Carrolls use of positive and superlative adjectives make him seem as being an international cannonizer lobbying for Korngolds position.Conclusion base on the representation by Palmer and Carroll in their articles, it is trustworthy to believe Palmer who has time-tested to represent Korngolds work in words the way a painter paints a picture of nature, the way he sees it, where as Carroll has tried to add some flavor to his

The Federal Reserve Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Federal take into account - Essay ExampleAn important policy that has been implemented by the provide is the piano money policy. The easy money policy is important to allow money to flow through the economy at a lowered interest rate. The lowered interest rate allows money to be lent at a rate that is more appealing. The FED likely issued the easy money policy to increase investing and spending. organism up to(p) to achieve loans at a lower rate allows consumers to obtain loans. The hopes giving the loans also benefit. The banks ability to offer the loans at a lowered rate increases the amount of loans that the bank is able to issue. This type of policy reduces the amount of money that is held in the Federal Reserves. Allowing for more money to advertise and better lending rates cigaret be a good thing in an feat to boost a struggling economy. Allowing more money to circulate and spending to happen seem to be nothing but great news. This is not always so. The free flowing money and spending can lead to inflation. Inflation leads to higher prices. This is so because the dollar becomes worth little. The dollar being worth less means that it will costs more for an item. An example of this is purchasing a loaf of bread. In a stable economy were inflation is not an issue, a loaf of bread can be bought for round $3.00. When inflation sets in, the same loaf of bread can be worth $4.00 or $5.00. ... 2010 2.63% 2.14% 2.31% 2.24% 2.02% 1.05% 1.24% 1.15% 1.14% 1.17% 1.14% 1.50% 1.64% 2009 0.03% 0.24% -0.38% -0.74% -1.28% -1.43% -2.10% -1.48% -1.29% -0.18% 1.84% 2.72% -0.34% 2008 4.28% 4.03% 3.98% 3.94% 4.18% 5.02% 5.60% 5.37% 4.94% 3.66% 1.07% 0.09% 3.85% 2007 2.08% 2.42% 2.78% 2.57% 2.69% 2.69% 2.36% 1.97% 2.76% 3.54% 4.31% 4.08% 2.85% 2006 3.99% 3.60% 3.36% 3.55% 4.17% 4.32% 4.15% 3.82% 2.06% 1.31% 1.97% 2.54% 3.24% 2005 2.97% 3.01% 3.15% 3.51% 2.80% 2.53% 3.17% 3.64% 4 .69% 4.35% 3.46% 3.42% 3.39% 2004 1.93% 1.69% 1.74% 2.29% 3.05% 3.27% 2.99% 2.65% 2.54% 3.19% 3.52% 3.26% 2.68% 2003 2.60% 2.98% 3.02% 2.22% 2.06% 2.11% 2.11% 2.16% 2.32% 2.04% 1.77% 1.88% 2.27% 2002 1.14% 1.14% 1.48% 1.64% 1.18% 1.07% 1.46% 1.80% 1.51% 2.03% 2.20% 2.38% 1.59% 2001 3.73% 3.53% 2.92% 3.27% 3.62% 3.25% 2.72% 2.72% 2.65% 2.13% 1.90% 1.55% 2.83% 2000 2.74% 3.22% 3.76% 3.07% 3.19% 3.73% 3.66% 3.41% 3.45% 3.45% 3.45% 3.39% 3.38% It is important for the FED to make sure there is enough money in the Federal Reserve System to end out the money that is floating around throughout the American economy. A monetary policy is confide into affect for an important reason. A monetary policy allows for the government to control certain different aspects of the economy. most of the aspects that are controlled are the Federal

Work Specialization techniqu. Advantages and drawbacks Essay

Work Specialization techniqu. Advantages and drawbacks - essay ExampleThe topic under focus here is Work Specialization. It is one of the key elements to consider objet dart devising a structure for ones organization. Work specialization is defined as the accomplishment till which work that needs to be done to achieve organizational goals is broken down into sm totallyer manageable chunks of tasks. Most organizations might collapse without specialization because it is merely impossible for everyone to know everything and possess all the necessary skills needed to run the whole organization. It is the process that breaks down the big goals into small parts and thence each part is delegate to one individual according to his/her skills set. These workers specialize in performing the assigned activity possessing the skills they already had. It is the approach by which the skills of a particular employee can be utilized at the best. The work is performed in repetition which also makes the employee more experienced with it reducing chances of error and hence caters to the fall functioning of the entire organization leading to the ultimate goal.

Jupiter confectionary ltd - quantitative research design Essay

Jupiter confectionary ltd - quantitative inquiry name - Essay ExampleResults can also be validated for reliability by implementing both a mixed query design methodology. Table of limit About the Company Purpose of study Objectives of study Need for a research design Types of research design Advantages of the pointd research design Disadvantages of the proposed research design Alternative research design Conclusions References JUPITER CONFECTIONARY LTD - QUANTITATIVE enquiry DESIGN About the company Jupiter Confectionary Ltd makes a variety of chocolate bars and has recently introduced a healthier range of cereal-based breakfast/snack bars. Purpose of study Jupiter now wants to evaluate customer satisfaction with the brand-new product line. The brand manager has suggested running an online survey, printing the web address on the packaging and whirl a prize draw as an incentive for people to participate. Objectives of study 1) To discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed research design, and 2) To propose other approaches that might be more appropriate. Need for a look into Design Rose and Sullivan (1996) observed that at that place exist patterns in the universe, certain specific patterns for all kinds of activities that can be noted on careful observation. These specific patterns in the universe and the behaviour in time can be explained and predicted to a certain extent to a certain accuracy based on the information or info collected at that particular time. However, there is a large amount of data available for a particular act, that is often confusing, and the researcher needs to select that particular data that is most relevant to the activity in time. Understanding the behaviour of the data collected helps explain complex concepts or theories through develop hypotheses about the relationships that may exist between the data collected. Further, the hypothesis can be validated for nicety and patterns of behaviour collated to exp lain the theories (Mamia, 2012). While conducting a research design, several aspects of the research are to be considered since the physical object of research is always dynamic and so the data collected is also changing in time. Further, there are two basic kinds of research design methodologies, descriptive and explanatory. While descriptive research attempts to research what activities pass off or exist in the social sphere, explanatory research helps explain why the activities happen or exist. A typical research should include both descriptive and explanatory research as usually, good explanatory research is always built on descriptive research. A research in itself needs to be planned sufficiently to achieve the desired results (Mamia, 2012). Typical research design involves identifying figure methodologies, planning the processes and identifying strategies while moulding the research objectives through the methodology and context (Richards, 2006). Types of Research Design R esearch design can be theoretical or empirical, qualitative or quantitative or a combination of theoretical and empirical, qualitative and quantitative. Research can be aimed at comparison or smorgasbord of the available facts through theoretical or empirical frameworks. However, most common method of research design is to use both theoretical and e

Supply chain management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 5

Supply chain management - testify Example3.9 billion with the people employed by the troupe being 31,000 across the business (Argos, 2013). being part of the Home Retail Group, it is among the United Kingdoms leading general and home switch retail merchant. The company came into the limelight in July 1963 and Richard Tompkins was the founding member of the firm. During this clock, he had already established the Green case Stamp which was based in the United Kingdom. The company started out as a stamp retailer shop but after Tompkins visited Argos City in Greece, everything changed. He embarked on selling gifts on cash. He later decided to rebrand the shop and named it Argos in 1973, July. The shop started out by making sales of ?1,000,000 the corresponding year in November (De, 2011, Pg 25). BAT company purchased the shop in 1979 for ?32 million. It is at this time that the company resolved to always remain relevant in the market by embracing all the recent foremosts in orde r to capture more clients. Literature review The book that gives a clear internal representation of the subject on chain supply theory is Slack, N., Brandon-Jones, A., Johnston, R. & Betts, A. 2012. Operations and process management. 3rd edn, Prentice mansion house/ Financial Times, London. It analyzes some of the processes that have been used by Argos and other companies in inducing the innovations of technology. The mechanism is taken into consideration in terms of social, economic and environmental prospective through the supply chain, which is in conformance with the proposals set to produce a sustainable development (Slack, Brandon-Jones, Johnston, & Betts, 2012 Pg 15). The book continues to implicate some of the roles initiated by companies in building their supply chain. The innovations correspond with new technological developments, which are used in representing the best initiative in promotion of development in companies. The book is also responsible for the avocation of the debate positive in association with sustainability, innovation and supply chain management, which are used in the concept of sustainable innovations (Slack et al, 2012 Pg 32). . The same model is used management, which is used in the gap for differentiating development initiatives and those that are seen to have flopped. The employment in the book is used to explain the case studies of Argos and the manner in which the company uses the model to wellbeing themselves at the moment and the future. In the case study, one willing realize that there is demonstration of sustainable innovations which are driven by the company at the focal representation (Jespersen & Skjott-Larsen, 2005, Pg 78). This is seen to be an establishment of dispute of its suppliers in the reduction of the negative environmental and social impacts responsible for life cycle of the product in the market. A thorough examination of the book further explains that there is a possibility of the implementation of the innovations will generate a beneficial concept which is associated with the net environmental and social in all the major(ip) players and stages of the supply chain. It is clear that the term supply chain was rampant in the 1980s at the time that majority of the companies were fighting to join the major players in the global trade (Slack et al, 2012 Pg 72). . This has always been a forge used in the implication of materials flowing from one

Community Health Nursing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

companionship Health Nursing - Assignment ExampleThe average casualty rate of Ebola is 50% and therefore, samples are not to be extracted from patients. (WHO, 2014)Diagnosis is conducted through various tests virus extraction by cell structure, serum counteraction test and electron microscopy are examples of diagnostic tests. There is no treatment available for Ebola. However rehydration with endovenous or oral fluids is administered to patients to increase their survival chances. Prevention measures include fast response to Ebola incidences and isolation of touch on victims, proper burial of victims and community engagement towards controlling the disease. There are no proven vaccines for Ebola, though two vaccines are undergoing human testing currently.(WHO, 2014)In case of an outbreak, nurses can educate the affected communities closely the disease as ignorance can have dire consequences. Nurses can provide both the facts and myths associated with Ebola and advice them on the trounce prevention measures. The main ethical issue that Ebola patients face is that they are isolated and kept away from their love ones for as long as they live.3. York, G. (Oct. 09, 2014). Fear and Education play crucial role in Ebola crisis. Retrieved from

Sources of Funds for Businesses Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Sources of Funds for Businesses - Assignment ExampleOwners investment - This is monetary resource generated from the sustainers savings, they atomic number 18 pillars of many small businesses. Owners investments are used in most cases where your business doesnt abide the assets to invest.Retained earnings-This source of funds is only obtainable for a business which has been in exploit for more than one year. Its an easy source of internal funding because this is when returns made are reinvested cover into the business. Its a medium to a long-term source of funds.Debt Collection - A business fag end increase its funding by collecting debts from their debtors, however not all business has debtors thus this institute is not applicable to all businesses. Its a short-term source of funding a business. wedge Overdraft-This is where a financial institution permits an entity to take out additional cash than it has in its savings. This means that a company may still write cheques even with no money in their accounts. Its a short-term source of funds and can be very expensive if used over weeklong extremitys (Gregoriou, Kooli & Kraussll, 2007).Hire Purchase-This technique allows a business to get assets without the necessity to pay larger amounts. Involves paying the first deposit and even payments for a certain period its a medium-term source of fundsMortgage-This is a credit held on the property, payable in installments over a particular period of time usually 25 years. After the final payment, a business will officially own the property. Its a long-term source of funds.Corporations can rely on both internal and out-of-door sources of funds because both have their advantages and disadvantages. However, many corporations today rely on external funds overdue to the following reasonsMost business needs finances to grow. Even companies with greater returns cannot rely only on reinvested earnings to finance their operations. Hence, a business is required to secu re bank loans, partner with other companies or any other way to raise external funds. (Smart, Megginson & Graham, 2010).

Tanglewood Essay Example for Free

Tanglewood EssayThere be thirteen strategic staffing decisions that should be place and examined when developing a staffing end. A change to any of these decisions can completely alter the entire staffing plan. Tanglewood part stores are a unique brand based upon how operations are handled, specially in congress to human resources and staffing. With the rate of Tanglewoods expansion it is critically important to align all human resources policies and practices, especially those on staffing.Acquire and Develop Talent-Most operations use a pure staffing strategy which basically kernel focusing on quality and not quantity. Tanglewood should not adopt this strategy at this time. With the acquisition of stores, the focus should be on training and development to have a uniformed style of employee. This supposes that when staffing plans are developed they should look for candidates who are provideing to learn about the lodge, the customers and develop skills to meet the requ irements of the company.This does not mean we wont be diverse in the hiring process but it does mean that meeting the minimal qualifications is not enough. Lag or Lead System -Tanglewood should implement and operate with the lead system. Tanglewood has no selection here as people have already been acquired from the previous mergers. External or Internal Hiring-For corporal and management positions it is recommend that Tanglewood use internal hiring. This allows bare-assed managers to use their tanglewood experience to their advantage in their new role.This also works well due to our acquisitions because there may be operating procedures by the soulfulness stores that would be beneficial to the entire company. For entry level positions, it will be necessary to hire externally. effect of flexible workforce-With the industry being retail, there will be a need to have two core and flexible workers. Core workers provided stability and help keep training costs down sequence for se asonal purposes flexible workers allow Tanglewood to operate effectively. drive or Retain- Retaining employees allows Tanglewood to expand and grow because there will be experienced personnel more readily available. There must also be an campaign on external recruitment to recruit talent and new personnel who may have olympian experience with another retail outlet. National or Global- National staffing plan should be in plan globalization leads to increased recruiting costs and has no benefit to the company. Attract or Relocate- The effort to relocate should be made, if this is unable to occur due to lack of internal candidates whom are eligible, then attracting new candidates would be necessary.Understaff or Overstaff- Tanglewood should overstaff employees with the current expansion in place. In a retail environment there will be call offs, early outs and no shows. Having staff allows tanglewood to move associates to other departments and call associates in with short notice. Hir e or Acquire- There is no option as Tanglewood has recently acquired many employees. Person/Job or Person/Organization match- This should be implemented to assure new hires are able to blend into company culture and ensure customer satisfaction.

Based System for Sales, Marketing and Customer Information Essay Example for Free

Based System for Sales, Marketing and Customer Information EssayWe externalize a new cloud based formation that will compile all of the past sales and selling information and current customer contacts and engages. This form will allow employees from all areas and locations access to marketing overlyls and sales data. The components needed to use the new cloud corpse are Clients which is computer hardware and software program package that relies on the cloud for application and other Cloud services. The other services could not hang in without the abet of Cloud computing. The second is Services this is a software system that is designed to support machine-to-machine communication through and through a network. Next is Application this fosters the Cloud in the software architecture, this often eliminates the need to install and run the application on the costumers own computer.Platform facilitates deployment of applications without the cost of complexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware and software layers. Storage is the tar of data storage as a service. Then there is infrastructure this is the delivery of computer infrastructure as a service. All of these components are very important to the new system of cloud we are creating to better Riordan. The data requirements lav be simply modifyd with a downloadable software update that will come with the program to make it simpler to install. The only things that will be needed part use this software are access to the internet and an external hard promote. The hard drive will reckon that it will not take up too much memory from the internal hard drive as it has a large amount of memory.Using the software is simple and easy to learn. It can be a little hard if one does not sustain proper knowledge of the internet. In redact to be able to download this program the proper way without any add-ons of viruses, one would have to have the knowledge of the internet and to be able to dow nload programs. The last thing that will help when apply out software, is knowing how to use an external hard drive and how to hook it into the computer. The new cloud system uses more memory then our last version making an external hard drive a little more needed. These requirements will make using the software as simple and will help any gild track sales and other financial information.Riordan would be able to manage data, text, and archive management as a communication simplicity tool. As in any company, data is an informational addition that brings in earnings, investing in data management. Simply spoken, it helps to raise customer relationship management (CRM), while cutting expenses. This type of database will enable increased speeds for locating the products the customers want. It will reduce, considerably, the unauthorized purchases, and improve the susceptibility in the operation, helping to also reduce errors in customer purchases. Part of the restructuring, would invo lve a need for Riordan implement consolidating software applications for all of the branches. The security of this software and concerns are the same as any software. As long as the company sticks to the policy there should not be any problems.We have do sure that this program is pencil eraser and secure. The data will be protected as long as the computers and users are safe with Virus protectors that are installed. So far we have not seen any flaws inside the program as long as it is used properly. Any ethical concerns should be addressed to our company so we can make sure they are fixed and made sure that the data is safe and secure. This system can be used with mobile devices such as impudent phones and any smart tablet. We have made this possible to help companies who travel a lot and cannot always be somewhat a computer. We added this in to help make tracking a simpler step for all companies who use our system. Because the system as a whole carries far too much data for sma rt phones and tablets, we have created an app that can be downloaded with a smaller call for storage. This will help to not take up too much storage on smaller devices.

The Dilemma of Lieutenant Jimmy Cross in Tim O’Brien’s “The Things They Carried” Essay Example for Free

The Dilemma of police lieutenant Jimmy Cross in Tim OBriens The Things They Carried EssayIn Tim OBriens The Things They Carried First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross is a 24 year old young man in bang with a girl named Martha, who is thrust into the jungles of Vietnam. Carrying the debt instrument for the lives of his men however distr constituteed by his fantasies of Martha, tragedy strikes his platoon and Ted Lavender is shot and killed. (p. 97). Lieutenant Cross grieves for Lavender, for Martha, for himself, as he curtails his daydreams determined to perform his duties firmly and without negligence. (p. 106).PARAGRAPHThe war was gruesome, relentless, monotonous, and purposeless. The men of Lieutenant Crosss platoon carried everything they needed (and some things they did not) on their persons as they humped it through the jungles of Vietnam (p. 98). They carried food, clothing, bedding, weapons, photos, diseases, parasites, wounded and dead comrades, memories, reputations, dreams , and the common recondite of cowardice barely restrained (p. 105). They carried things for many different reasons choice, necessity, entertainment, superstition, or as a function of locate or field specialty.PARAGRAPH Among his things, Lieutenant Cross carried memories, letters, pictures, and a good luck charm from a young college student named Martha. Although they dated before the war, they only kissed briefly, and her letters carried news of a separate-but-together quality they shared out (p. 99). He knew that just because she signed her letters love Martha did not mean she was in love with him, but he was hopeful. He often lost himself in fantasies of her, wondering intimately her virginity and what her truest feelings were (p. 99).He moved slow and distractedly finding it difficult to keep his nous on war and his mens security. His mind continuously wandered to thoughts of Marthas smooth young face, thinking he loved her more than anything, more than his men, and nowada ys Ted Lavender was dead because he loved her so much and could not stop thinking about her (p. 99). He was young and in love and could not help it but he was ashamed and scorned himself too. PARAGRAPH Among his things, Ted Lavender who was scared, carried tranquilizers, premium dope and extra ammunition, necessities for him.On the day he was shot and killed, he had just popped a tranquilizer and gone off to pee. Caught by a bullet to the head, in the act of zipping up, he went down instantly, under an exceptional burden of unweighed fear and extra bullets (p. 99). PARAGRAPH The morning by and by Ted Lavender died, First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross crouched at the bottom of his foxhole and burned Marthas letters. Then he burned the two photographs (p. 105). He cognize that daydreams of unrequited love had no say in this nightmare world he called reality.He knew that this sentimental gesture could not burn the pick he felt for Lavenders death, but perhaps it would keep the rest of the platoon alive. PARAGRAPH Lieutenant Jimmy Crosss dilemma arose from the natural impulses of a young man in love coupled with the incessant responsibilities of a combat officer. Following Lavenders death he realized that his obligation was not to be loved but to lead (p. 107). A heavy burden to leave indeed. He vowed to himself diligence to his officers duties, fully intending to run a tight ship irrespective of the complaints of his men.

Original script Essay Example for Free

Original script turn upMy character in this nip was Mrs Johnston she was rattling emotion on the wholey upset as her husband left(p) her with seven children and two on the way. She wants her and her family to lead a sober life and find wealth my characters function throughout the function is to give birth to the twins and tell the twins that they atomic number 18 br a nonher(prenominal)s. The fact that Mrs Johnstons husband left her and she does not make that much money as she has no job and she is starting a spick-and-span makes the character infrangibleer and in this delineation Mrs Johnston tell the consultation this. The other scene that me and my grouped developed is the lowest scene in the period of play this is active paddy field (one of the twins) going round to see Eddie (the other twin) they heretofore do not k flat if they are brothers. Mickey thinks that Eddie is having an affair with his wife Linda. This is the final scene this was from the genuine script and was the scene when the twins (Eddie and Mickey) both find out they are both brothers and this is in like manner the scene when they both go about killed by Mrs Lyons. In this scene in that location are 5 deal manifold Mrs Lyons, Mrs Johnston, Eddie, Mickey and the narrator.We looked at the scrip of this scene and read it surrounded by us. Even tough there is 5 people involved in this scene there was only 3 people in my group so we had to split characters and lines so that we could include totally the characters. As we read the script we took important lines and highlighted them, we had to make confident(predicate) all these lines were in the performance. For the characters I was Mickey, Fabien was Eddie and Natalie was Mrs Lyons and Mrs Johnston. We all split the important narrators lines. The performance was set up corresponding this K = Katie N = Natalie F = FabienK stands on one side of the stage and say the narrators lines so K walks in to Fs office (the blo ck) there is a thought-track of what K wants to happen then it goes back to that is truly happening and they have an argument N walks in and tells the twins they are brothers then N turns rough and as she turns back she is a distinct character the contrast changes and her mood as a unlike person is the opposite to what she was the twins both end up on the floor and N speaks the narrators lines and the brothers get up and repeat the past in a previous scene that had happened earlier in the play.We utilise still-imagery as the narrator was talking, we would come out of character and say the lines in neutral as there in no lieu from the narrator this would be done with neutral face expression. The thought-tracking we used was with Mickey (K) imagining what he is going to do when he moves into the office of Eddie (F). We made sure that when a character changed roles that the audience new about it with the change of tone and the contrary mood that changed when the character changed .We tried to create round top with the block we used besides also we created heights with our characters as one person would be at one height other person would be at a different one. We changed the tone of theatrical role and accent when the character changed roles. When the narrator was talking at the end of the scene there was the miming of a scene that was earlier in the play. We also had music at the end to signify the end and to show what the play was about and this was the innocence of children and how they do not stereotype and distinguish classes of people. EvaluationI conceptualise that I have learnt a grate deal about the play and the playwright I now visit a cud more about how to uses different drama techniques and use them together to crate different moods and styles. As we watched another groups performance of a scene in which they had developed we evaluated it and took these points into consideration I believe this was to signify the distance between the two ch aracters as in this scene they are having an argument. Ant the rise of the scene there was mime I believe this worked well as this built up latent hostility and created the mood as if we knew what was going to happen.Thai used a lot of the scrip in this scene but they added and developed a lot of text into it as this helped the audience understand more. There was a lot of different drama conventions used in this scene there was a few minuets in the halfway of the scene when the two characters were having a fight and this was done so that the characters were not touching each other and the were both stood on different blocks there was music played in this section and it was really telling towards me, as the audience.Also there was a monologue done in this scene I desire this as it helped me to understand what was going on and how the character was felling at the time. I believe that more uniform and props could have been used in this scene to help the characters develop more ge stures. The use of space and height was very good in this play and because of this it was nice to watch and I enjoyed it. In all of the performances they could have been improved with time as we only had a short time to develop and practice the scenes we were still using scrips and this put the audience off what is actually happening.More costume and make up would of helped use create are characters more and also if we would of been able to use a stage it would of helped with the blocking and how the scene looked. I believe that the message of the play was that you cannot separate different classes of people as we are all the same inside also that the play had a very suppositious side to it and that sine qua non cannot be controlled. Religion plays an important part in the play as the bible is used many another(prenominal) times and signifies if something is said on the bible it will happen.The main context of the play is twins should not be separated and that the innocents of children should not be overlooked as they do not see different colours of skin and a difference of people with money and without money is not significant to them. The play was set in the early 1970 an example of an extract taken from the scrip is this Then of course I effectuate that I was six weeks overdue We got married at the registry and then we had a do We all had curly salmon sandwiches and how the ale did flowThey said the bride was lovelier than Marilyn Monroe And we went dancing Marilyn Monroe was very big in the 1970s and it was also very looked down on if you had a child out of wed lock at this time. I enjoyed developing from this play as I have very strong views about the stereotypical view of people who have wealth. I believe that I began to understand more about the play now that I have preformed the different scenes and developed them with my own ideas.I believe that Billy Russell is a very talented writer and I would be interested in using or watching another one of his play as I believe that he writes most of it from experience and that it has a strong belief in all of the historical contexts his plays are about. I have learnt a lot about new drama techniques and how to use them together I believe that blood brothers was a very good play to use on paper 1 unit 2 as there was a lot to develop from the script and there was a lot to come out in between the lines W did these brainstorms so that we could understand Mrs Lyons more as she was a completed character.

Confidence intervals Essay Example for Free

bureau detachments EssayConfidence Intervals have numerous applications for professional activities. Confidence Intervals have a wide use in delimitate the outcome of a particular question. The use of presumption levels are used commonly in Health, Business, authorities and Engineering venues. There are three examples that will be recognized as having real arena applications regarding confidence separations. An Empirical Test of the Black-Scholes (BS) Option pricing model exhibited the use of a confidence separation approach.The BS model is a model used to determine price variation over cartridge holder such as stock options. The utilization of confidence intervals to determine if the BS model was accurate was reason out constructing a 95 percent confidence interval for the call option, we found in general that importantly less than 95 percent of the observations fall within the relevant range. The theory of incorporating a confidence interval into the BS model develo ped a way for investors to identify what options we go bad to purchase.(Levy Byun, 1987) In a facial expression study to estimate the confidence in advertising the authors of Estimating Confidence Bounds for advertise Effect epoch Intervals studied the dynamic effects of current and past advertising on current and future gross sales utilizing confidence intervals. The study identified how long an advertisement should be displayed depending on the duration interval and the confidence interval that succored managers arrive at proper decisions.Using confidence intervals in this situation enabled leaders to firebrand an informed decision. (Franses Vroomen, 2006) Through the use of surveys in case study Mortality rate and confidence interval estimation in humanitarian emergencies they were able to incorporate confidence intervals. They used confidence intervals to determine the mortality confidence level from surveys in devastated areas. The authors approach enables health offi cials to identify confidence levels from survey areas to be better prepared for future emergencies.(Sullivan, Hossain, Woodruff, 2010) There is an infinite amount of ways to use confidence intervals in any(prenominal) professional culture. The three examples are only a small sample of what can actually be done to better understand present or past issues. The use of confidence levels can help any leader or manager make decisions that foster an environment of growth. References Franses, P. H. , Vroomen, B. (2006). Estimating Confidence Bounds forAdvertising Effect Duration Intervals. Journal of Advertising , 33-37. Levy, H. , Byun, Y. H. (1987). An Empirical Test of the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model and the Implies var. A Confidence Interval Approach. Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance , 355-368. Sullivan, K. , Hossain, S. M. , Woodruff, B. A. (2010). Mortalizty rate and confidence interval estimation in humanitarian emergencies. Disasters , 164-175.

Free

Free Will and Divine Foreknowledge EssayFree impart is the ability to make our declare choices in issues regarding all aspects of life. It is a power that enables us to make our ingest choices that are not affected by external factors such as divine bequeath. Therefore, each unrivaled sins by his/her own provideing. While, divine foreknowledge is the fact that deity has complete knowledge of what will see in the rising. In On Free Choice of the Will, St. Augustine discusses a critical issue which is the horror of homosexuals free will and beau ideals foreknowledge. So the question is, do we real have free will in spite of the fact that graven image foreknows everything?If God knows what must inevitably happen next, and so how do have the free will to make our own choices? Augustine comes up with a series of occupations to prove that we sin by our own will with no intervention of the divine foreknowledge. Augustine jump argued a characteristic of God that He ha s free will, and that He has foreknowledge of his own actions. Therefore, both Gods will and foreknowledge go along with each other. From this accuse he then assumes that mans will and Gods foreknowledge are both compatible. But can we comparing God with man? And is this argument convince enough?More elaboration has to be given in order to make it more convincing. Augustine then upshot to do so. He states that people who do not believe in the compatibility of free will and divine foreknowledge are those who are more dying(predicate) to excuse than confess their sins (p. 73). That thinks that people who always blame others for their own wrong doings quite a than admitting it are those who claim that we have no free will and that everything is already known by God, and that postcode can be changed, which they also use as a justification for their wrong actions.These people cash in ones chips their life by chance, leaving everything according to the circumstances rather than t rying to take good actions. An ensample for that is the beggars, who always try to take money from people without giving anything in return or until now having a job, although they have the ability to do so. But be vitrine of their laziness and their belief that this is what they were created to be, they leave everything to happen by luck and according to Gods foreknowledge that couldnt be changed (p. 73). Augustine then moves to another point which is the relation between the will and the power to achieve that will.He states that the will itself is within our power. Therefore, our desire to get off certain acts is a power that we own. But if we will something that is not within our power then it is not considered as a will because we can only will what is within our power. Augustine then discusses that if something good happens to us then it is accordance to our will, not against it. So for example, being happy, although God foreknows that you will be so, doesnt mean that we are happy against our will. Thus, Gods foreknowledge of our happiness doesnt take away our will to be happy (p.76). And so, he concludes that if God foreknows our will, then definitely this will is going to occur, and so it will be a will in the future. Consequently, his foreknowledge doesnt take away our will. And since that what we will is in our power, God foreknows our power and He will not take it away. Hence, we will have that power because God foreknows it (p. 77). So Augustine make it clear that it is necessary that whatever God has foreknown will happen, and that he foreknows our sins in such a way that our wills remain free and are with in our power (p.77).However, the fact that Gods foreknowledge of our sins is consistent with our free will in sinning still stays questionable. Taking into consideration the fact that God is just, so how does He punish our sins that happen by necessity? Or is Gods foreknowledge not an obligation? The topic is still confusing so Augustine then proceeds to make it clearer. He explains that if we are certain that someone is going to sin, then we have foreknowledge with the error that he/she is going to commit.This foreknowledge didnt force them to do so, but it was done by their own free will. Accordingly, their will to sin is consistent with our foreknowledge of that sin. Therefore, God forces no one to sin, even though he foresees those who are going to sin by their own will (p. 78). Augustine then compares foreknowledge with memory. He states that our memory does not force the past to have happened, and similarly Gods foreknowledge of the future doesnt force it to occur (p. 78).And we remember things in the past that we have done but didnt do everything that we remember, likewise God foreknows everything that He will cause in the future, but doesnt cause everything that is within His foreknowledge (p. 78). As a result, God punishes our sins that we do by our own will and which He did not cause, as God is known by his j ustice. Augustine then comes up with a good argument for all those who are still slightly confused, that if God should not punish us for our sins that He foresees then He also shouldnt reward us for our good work that He also foresees (p. 78).To conclude, Augustine succeeded in coming up with a good argument showing that mans free will and Gods foreknowledge are both compatible. The sequence of his ideas made his argument understandable and convincing for any reader. As a reader, Ive always thought about that subject but didnt receive any answers. However, reading On Free Choice of the Will made everything clear for me and made me well convinced that Gods foreknowledge doesnt intervene with our own choices that we make. Works Cited Williams, Thomas. On Free Choice of the Will. Indianapolis Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. , 1993. 129. Print.

Financing SME Essay Example for Free

Financing SME EssayThe definition of Sm tout ensemble Medium scale Enterprises (SMEs) varies from country to country. The classification send away be base on the firms assets, number of employees, or annual strainover on with the loan amount. Central Bank of Sri Lanka defines SMEs as enterprises with less than Rs. 600 million turnover per annum and with a maximum moving- experience show of Rs. 200 million in the main to be classified as a SME for Basel II Capital adequateness calculation and utilization of funds accumulated in the Investment Fund Account in Banks. whatsoever the definition, and tendernessless of the size of the economy, the growth of SMEs through with(predicate) with(predicate)out the region is crucial to growth of respective economies. Because, SMEs play a critical and master(prenominal) role in providing job opportunities, enhancing the quality of human resources, maximizing the use of topical anaesthetic resources, saving foreign exchange, nurturi ng a culture of entrepreneurship, fostering creativity and opening up new byplay opportunities etc. Most corporate organizations in Sri Lanka or elsewhere are the establishments receiveed as SMEs in its former(a) stages.Classic examples from our own country may be Nawaloka Group, Access International, Softlogic Group of companies. In close to literature, it is mentioned that gateway to financial support has been recognized as a major impediment for m both SMEs and its growth, whereas corporate dividing line entities defy the advantage over the SMEs in doing so primarily as a result of their formalization. However, according to Juliet Mckee and Kimball Dietrich (2003), most common problems for SMEs are the neediness of access to market discipline and technology, the kickoff quality of human resources and the privation of access to capital.Despite efforts by financial institutions and public-sector bodies to close funding gaps, SMEs continue to experience uncorrectabley in obtaining risk capital. These funding gaps relate to firm size, risk, knowledge, and flexibility. The bring onment literature focus a darling plenty of attention on issues faced by SMEs in accessing finance. Traditionally, the focus is on obstructions created by financial institutions, mainly by commercial strands or on imperfections in the broader institutional environment.However, SMEs also make decisions about financial backing and display attitudes that have an main(prenominal) bearing on financing decisions. Therefore, constraints may also appear on the demand side of the financing market. Objective of this article is to discuss the key challenges and issues for bankers pertaining to SME lending, of which, part of them are internal in SMEs and for others bankers are responsible. 1. Issues of SMEs 1. 1 Lack of financial literacy or weak financial literacyIn the literature, lack of financial literacy is designated as randomnessal asymmetries where SMEs typically posse s privileged information on their commercial enterprise that cannot be easily accessed or cannot be accessed at all by lenders or outsiders. Reasons for this may vary and also have distinct perspectives. SMEs are mainly driven by entrepreneurs who have advertd in their own ways to likely SMEs. As a result of hard ways of education, they either had no metre to devote further development or do not believe in l forming.This is evident from the assent applications that are submitted to banks for financing. This eventually leads to low levels of financial literacy among entrepreneurs. monetary literacy is the ability to generalise how money works in the world how someone manages to earn or make it, how that person manages it, how he/she invests it (turn it into to a greater extent) and how that person donates it to help others. More specifically, it refers to the set of skills and knowledge that allows an individual to make informed and effective decisions with all of their fi nancial resource.Though many SME owners are threatening in developing task models and working out the profitability of products and service, understanding about the macro picture of the SMEs overall financial standing in terms of profit and loss account, balance sheet and hard interchange offices is week. As a result, they some generation opt to resort to outsiders or merely depend on themselves in preparation of financial information which may or may not reflect the actual picture of the SMEs. Because of this impediment, banks have no choice, but to depend on collateral for SME financing.At the backdrop cash shine lending is encouraged, financial institutions are struggling to realise the SMEs sustainable bankability. This is recognized as the main obstacle for banks and financial institutions in financing SMEs. One of the options to counter this impediment is the concept of Para accountant. A Para accountant is an external consultant who uses finance, economics, risk manag ement and technology skills to help organizations prepare and accounting financial and tax statements according to accounting principles and regulatory requirements.A Para accountant also may review a firms internal controls, processes and procedures to ensure that such controls are adequate. A Para accountant may work on a clients site or remotely. They are not necessarily qualified accountants, however, capacity be an option. Bankers prime objective in this endeavor is to develop reliable sources of information so that they could project the sustainable cash flows of the business.With this objective banks could train their recognize appraisal officers as Para Accountants, who will interacts with prospective SMEs and develop a set of financial information while strengthening the banking kind over a period of era. 1. 2 Entrepreneurs knowledge about building a prospective banking relationship A banking relationship is about much more than just selecting a bank to handle a compa nys bank accounts. If the relationship is managed well, it can help a company to thrive. SMEs that use more than one bank will need to manage multiple banking relationships.A company will first have a business account (or several) at a retail bank (or banks) for all day-to-day financial transactions. Whether it is retail, SME or corporate, the banks should have a team of business banking advisers on hand, to advise and course a company. Its important to ensure continuity banks usually offer a contact with a designated person and in turn brook to deal with the same person or persons from the company. A good banking relationship depends not barely on personal rapport, but also by having a solid understanding of the company and its financial unavoidably.Over time, a banking adviser should build up a good understanding of the companys preferred ways of doing business and incorporate that into how their banking requirements are handled. There are many advantages having a sound bankin g relationship for SMEs. The bank is more likely to offer loans and other lines of reference work, potentially at preferential evaluate of interest, if the bank advisers feel there is a good relationship with the company. The banks advice can be tailored for the companys needs and personal style, rather than given generically.In times of crisis, a company having its banks support will be crucial. Even if a company is a text-book case of insolvency, strong personal rapport with a company representative means that the bank is more likely to offer leeway if it knows that directors are doing their utmost to keep the company going. Failure to develop a strong relationship, however, means that the SME is likely to miss out on good advice and, crucially, support in times of hard-foughty. However, unfortunately, many SMEs are not on the right track to understand the importance of having a good banking relationship.Given that no sound financial information are available, at least, SMEs sh ould try to go for a healthy customer relationship with the financial institution to entice financial needs, especially in difficult periods. It is both Bankers and SMEs responsibility of developing a prospective banking relationship over a period of time without compromising risk capital. More than the creed facilities, credit plus would be reasonably appropriate to start such a relationship and then move into advanced levels of relationships along with credit facilities. 1. 3 Financial discipline of entrepreneursAs Henry Ford correctly cited, Wealth does not come accidently. You have to platform for it. Ones discipline explains the right behavior and ability to set about decisions without emotions. Hence, financial discipline is all about right financial decisions. In order to be financially discipline one should understand concepts of accounting and financial management in SME business. Accounting in general is all about stick around down keeping and developing summary fin ancial reports. Most commonly available financial reports or information are the profit and loss account, balance sheet and the cash flow statement.Unless SMEs keep records of their daily activities, it is difficult to develop financial statements with regard to their businesses. With no financial statements, SMEs will everlastingly struggle in make financial decisions. More often, there is no clear distinction between the business finance and the cash in hand of the proprietor. Therefore, it is critical that the lender examines carefully borrowers all commitments, i. e. , those related directly to the business and those associated with the proprietors private life and assets. Lack of Business Planning is a result of weakfinancial indiscipline in SMEs where enthronisation decisions, working capital decisions, even pricing decisions are based on the entrepreneurs set than on facts. The lack of proper financial discipline results in incorrect business decisions, which hampers th e sustainability of the SMEs. MacRobert (2002), in his SME manual of arms explains why SME borrowers are unalike to commercial and corporate borrowers. One of the common reasons is unskilled/ untrained principals. umteen SME principals in the Asia-Pacific region are self-starters, often with limited formal education, and minimal training in business management skills.That is not to say that they are incompetent, but that they often lack the capacity to research information on ways to strengthen their businesses, and, indeed, to be aware that such resources even exists. Role of the bankers in this regard is to educate the importance of financial discipline through strong banking relationships. Bankers are one of the key sources, to go SMEs to believe in financial discipline. Bank officers should take the initiatives in this endeavor to educate the SME owners. Role of the organisation is also a key imperative in developing required conducive environment through institutional and p olicy frameworks.Some universities in Sri Lanka have already started dedicated departments to teach courses related entrepreneurship. (Example University of Sri Jayewardenepura and University of Colombo) and It is important to note that Business studies is part of the GCE A/L curriculum. Recent budget proposals in 2011, 2012 and 2013 has given nice support to encourage SMEs and SME financing and one of the very useful proposals was to direct government banks to set up dedicated SME Branches not only to facilitate SMEs with well access to finance, but also to educate SME owners and to guide and direct them to right places and people.However, strengthening the institutional framework to develop business development support services is also an imperative. 2. Issues with Banks SMEs are not only critical to the economy, but also to the banks profitability. Most diversified banks maintain a substantial percentage of exposure to the SMEs as a strategic investment given the multifariousn ess within the SME portfolio itself. It is always profitable, but need to properly evaluate and closely monitor the delinquencies to avoid any credit risks.It is a perception as well as a fact sometimes, that SMEs are always highly risky as explained by many banks. It may be due to several factors including, non availableness of financial information, no tax returns, no collateral, one man show, highly sensitive to economic conditions, no proper organizational structure, and many more. These are reasons given to avoid or very cautious underwriting of SME credit proposals. As a result of these reasons, credit policies of financial institutions are based on stringent credit guidelines. 2.Institutional framework with hindering process issues In the case of many developing countries, the above mentioned obstacles to SME financing are exacerbated by institutional and process factors. Most developing countries are still highly concentrate and have uncompetitive banking sectors. This rei nforces the tendency to adopt conservative lending policies. Credit policies which mainly cover the credit risk and market risk, endorse a processes which covers many elements to secure exposure, while satisfying the regulators requirements.This eventually results in a value driven Credit culture in financial institutions. harmonise to MacDonald and Timothy (2006), managements credit policy determines how much risk the bank will take and in what form. A banks credit culture refers to the fundamental principles that drive lending use and how management analyzes risk. There can be large differences in their lending philosophy. The three potentially different credit cultures are values driven, current profit driven, and market share driven.The institutional framework is reflected through the credit policy in this part of the world, the tendency is to inculcate a value driven credit culture, which has the following attributes Focus is on credit quality with strong risk management syst ems and controls Primary furiousness is on banks soundness and stability and a consistent market presence Underwriting is conservative and significant loan concentrations are not allowed.Typical outcome is lower current profits from loans with fewer loan losses It is evident with lower non- performing ratios prevailing in banks justifies that credit risk is cover with loan risk mitigation factors and discourage granting venture capital to SMEs. Eventually, SMEs need to resort to acceptable securities which hinders them from easy access to finance from financial institutions. 2. 2 Collateral syndrome (Risk avert) Strong value driven credit cultures in financial institutions always tighten the belts in covering credit risk. Unless the financial institutions develop competencies in cash flow based lending, credit officers have no choice but to cover themselves with collateral in risky SME lending. Competencies itself will not drive the business unless the risky lending is rewarded wit h challenging business targets. trade protection based lending propositions are gradually becoming unhealthy for economies as it discourages strategically important investment decisions. Government of Sri Lanka recently enacted legislations to ease the pressure on SMEs through amendment of Parate execution where normal civil procedure of debt recovery should be applied for loans below Rs. five million with security of property mortgages. 2. 3 tripping competency in building cash flow based lending propositions Strong value based credit policies encourage security oriented lending and creates knowledge gaps in credit officers. Security oriented lending does not require strict cash flow projections and credit evaluations.Developing cash flow projections is an art and requires overall knowledge about the industry, technology, external factors (external climate) and specific firms (internal climate) along with econometrics modeling to analyze the cash flows. When it comes to large proj ects, knowledge in project appraisals and risk analysis will help the credit officers to get exposed to project financing. At the backdrop of investor confidence and developing businesses in emerging economies, venturing into risky business propositions is in the agenda of the banking and financial intuitions. Financing SMEs are risky but at the same time profitable, so indeed banks need to develop how best they could mitigate the risk of these ventures. One of the options is to gradually develop a culture of SME financing with confidence through development of competencies in their credit officers.Competency development not only addresses econometric techniques of analyzing and evaluating the credit proposals, but also industry knowledge and exposure, experiences of sick industries and business units, world politics and world economics, knowledge in emerging markets and technologies, behaviors and issues of labor, understanding the entrepreneurship etc. Conclusion umteen of the li terature examine the issues of financing SMEs world over. However, there are key issues not only from the SMEs point of view, but also from the financial institutions and, governments point of views. No one can expect the SMEs to nurture in best practices all by themselves. In this regard, the role of financial intuitions is greater, when it comes to inculcate and nurture SMEs in the right directions. The issues for SME financing discussed above are the keys, but there are many others which needs further discussions.

Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits Essay Example for Free

Pensions and former(a) Postretirement Benefits EssayAs you may know there atomic number 18 two types of premium aims that atomic number 18 most commonly used a delimitate contribution aim and a defined receipts plan. A defined contribution plan sets forth a certain tote up that the employer is to commit to the plan each design (Schroeder, Clark, Cathey, Pensions and some differentwise Postretirement Benefits, 2011). A defined benefit plan specifies the amount of subvention benefits to be paid out to plan recipients in the future.Companies that use this plan must make fitting contributions to the funding agency in order to meet benefit requirements when they come due (Schroeder, Clark, Cathey, Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits, 2011). The defined contribution plan makes no promises on what the ultimate benefits are to be paid. The benefits original by the recipients are determined by the return earned on the invested subvention funds during the inves tment period (Schroeder, Clark, Cathey, Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits, 2011).When you account for this plan the risk for future benefit is the employee and the employers only cash outflow is the yearbook contribution to the pension plan fund. The pension expense is equal to the amount of promised annual contribution(Schroeder, Clark, Cathey, Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits, 2011). The monetary statements should disclose the plan, what groups are covered, the basis for determining contributions, and any noteworthy matters affecting comparability from period to period (Schroeder, Clark, Cathey, Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits, 2011).Accounting for the defined benefit plan is more complex. The pension benefits to be received in the future are affected by uncertain variables such as turnover, mortality, length of employee service, earnings levels, and earnings on the pension fund assets (Schroeder, Clark, Cathey, Pensions and Other Postretireme nt Benefits, 2011). The risks lie with the employers because they must make large replete contributions to meet what was promised and the amount of pension expense may not be equal to the cash contributed to the plan (Schroeder, Clark, Cathey, Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits, 2011).Employers are also required to disclose the following study if they chose to use the defined benefit plan 1. A description of the plan, including employee groups covered, type of benefit formula, funding policy, types of assets held, significant matters affecting comparability or information for all periods presented, 2. The amount of net periodic pension cost for the period showing separately the service cost component, the interest cost component, the actual return on assets for the period, and the net total of other components,3.A schedule reconciling the funded status of the plan with amounts reported in the employers statement of financial position (Schroeder, Clark, Cathey, Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits, 2011). APB Opinion No. 8 states that there are some basic problems with the accounting for the defined benefit pension plan. The problems identified are 1. Measuring the total amount of cost associated with a pension plan, 2. Allocating the total pension costs to the proper accounting periods, 3. Providing the cash to fund the pension plan, and4.Disclosing the significant aspects of the pension plan on the financial statements (Schroeder, Clark, Cathey, Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits, 2011). SFAS No. 87 Employers Accounting for Pensions maintains that pension information should be prepared on the accrual basis and retained three fundamental aspects of past pension accounting1. delaying recognition of certain events, 2. Reporting net cost, and 3. offsetting assets and liabilities (Schroeder, Clark, Cathey, Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits, 2011). The components of pension costs reflect divers(prenominal) aspects of the bene fits earned by employees and the method of financing those benefits by the employer. The following are required to be include in the net pension cost recognized by the employer sponsoring a defined benefits pension plan1. Service cost, 2. Interest cost, 3. Return on plan assets, 4. amortisation of unrecognized prior service cost, 5. Amortization of gains and losses, 6. Amortization of the unrecognized net obligation or unrecognized net asset at the go out of the initial application of SFAS No. 7 (Schroeder, Clark, Cathey, Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits, 2011). There are other postretirement benefits that are turn to in SFAS No. 106 Employers Accounting for Postretirement Benefits Other than Pensions. SFAS No. 106 deals with other postretirement benefits other than pensions which includes a variety guardianship assistance, day care, legal services, and housing subsidies, the most significant are retiree health care services, and emotional state insurance.Although o n the surface OPRBs are similar to defined benefit pension plans that have characteristics that necessitate antithetic accounting considerations and that have been the source of considerable controversy future cash outlays for OPRBs depend on the amount of serves that the employees will eventually receive, additional OPRBs cannot be accumulated by employees OPRB with each year of service, OPRBs do not vest (Schroeder, Clark, Cathey, Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits, 2011).As noted the two most frequent pension plans are the defined contribution plan and the defined benefit plan. However, APB Opinion No. 8 has identified that there are some basic problems with the accounting for the defined benefit pension plan. There are also other postretirement benefits that include retiree healthcare benefits and life insurance.

Native Americans in the United States Essay Example for Free

Native Americans in the United States EssayDentify the economic, political, and/or social causes of the Civil War tax the influence of individuals and groups in the U. S. government on Reconstruction mensurate the influence of individuals and groups in the South on Reconstruction distinguish and analyze the freedoms guaranteed to African Americans in the 13th, 14th, and fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution analyze the various components of Jim vaunt legislation and their effects on grey minorities describe efforts by the U. S.Government to assimilate Native Americans into American culture identify significant events that wedged the relationship amid the government, Native Americans, and American citizens identify resolving patterns in the American West, the reservation system, and/or the tribulations of the Native Americans from 186590 After completing this lesson, you will be able to evaluate the causes and consequences of the Civil War identify the economic, politica l, and/or social causes of the Civil War appreciate the influence of individuals and groups in the U.S. government on Reconstruction assess the influence of individuals and groups in the South on Reconstruction distinguish and analyze the freedoms guaranteed to African Americans in the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution analyze the various components of Jim blow legislation and their distinguish and analyze the freedoms guaranteed to African Americans in the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution effects on Southern minorities describe efforts by the U. S.Government to assimilate Native Americans into American culture identify significant events that impacted the relationship between the government, Native Americans, and American citizens identify settlement patterns in the American West, the reservation system, and/or the tribulations of the Native Americans from 186590After completing this lesson, you will be able to evaluate the causes and conseque nces of the Civil War identify the economic, political, and/or social causes of the Civil War assess the influence of individuals and groups in the U. S.Government on Reconstruction assess the influence of individuals and groups in the South on Reconstruction distinguish and analyze the freedoms guaranteed to African Americans in the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution analyze the various components of Jim Crow legislation and their effects on Southern minorities describe efforts by the U. S. government to assimilate Native Americans into American culture identify significant events that impacted the relationship between the government, Native Americans, and American citizens identify settlement patterns in the American West, the reservation system, and/or the tribulations of the Native Americans from 186590.

Existentialism is Humanism Essay Example for Free

Existentialism is Hu art objectism EssayThe assumption by Sartre that cosmos precedes pump takes keyst unitary the traditional thinking of philosophers nigh essence and existence. In general they thought that essence precedes existence in certain ways. Sartre posits that they are right to some extent. When he observes that Existence precedes essence he does not base that this is always the case, but rather that sometimes it is so. This can be explained using his example in the search about the paper injure.In this case of the paper knife, Sartre argues that essence precedes existence, that is to say the sum of the procedures and the qualities which make its production and its definition possible precedes its existence (Sartre 1946). Essence is the expression created when something is given a definition. Essence sets the limits of an fair game and provides the basic properties of a thing that is what it has or what it doesnt have in order to serve its settle of existenc e. In this case, essence precedes existence in the logic that in the lead a designer effectd the knife there was some device for it that existed in his or her mind.This plan is the essence (Sartre 1943). Therefore when Sartre says that essence precedes existence in this case he is simply recognizing the fact that the knife was deliberate first and later on it was produced. This meat the plan to produce the knife was there first and later it was produced following that plan. From this example it is swooning to track down the general principle that Sartre is trying to bring out. First for all piece of musicufactured objects or articles, essence precedes existence.Since deity lives and as he is thought to be the creator of the whole world thusly it follows that the whole world and everything in it can be assumed to be an artifact. God was the master deviser and He created everything tally to His plan. God, when He creates man he uses the same procedure just as the manufactur e of the paper knife since when he creates he knows what he is creating. The idea of God was suppressed in the eighteenth century but the idea of essence preceding existence was universally accepted in the philosophies of Diderot, Voltaire and Kant.Sartre observes that In Kant, this universality goes so far that the wild man of the woods, man in the state of nature and the bourgeois are all contained in the same definition and have the same fundamental qualities. Here again, the essence of man precedes that historic existence which we confront in experience (Sartre 1946). From this analysis we get to the next step. If God lives this means essence comes first for everything that is in world. There is a traditional explanation of this divine plan generally referred to as Providence in theological circles.It refers to the plan that God worked in advance before he created the universe and pityingity. But this plan is not just for the whole because He has also premeditated all the detai ls since he is an all knowing God. This means we do not have the human nature in general to set boundaries on what we can do or what we cannot do. In addendum there is also a divine plan for singulars. For example Socrates has his own essence that confines him inwardly the universal plan of human nature (Zunjic 2010).Being an atheist, Sartre observes that if God does not exists and so there is one being whose existence comes before its essence and that is man or human reality as Heidegger puts it. When he says existence precedes essence Sartre provide the meaning by saying that this means that man first exists, he encounters himself, goes into the world and later on discovers or defines himself. When the man is not definable as the existentialist sees him it is because to trigger off with, man is nothing (Sartre 1946).Man will not be anything until some times later and then he will be what he makes himself to be at the end. In other words man is responsible for his actions if existence preceded essence. Therefore existentialism puts place every responsibility for his existence on his shoulders. This means man is not only responsible for himself but also for all men (Sartre 1946). Sartre observation that mint must create themselves and give themselves meaning meant that sight have to protect themselves instead of calling on God to intervene on their behalf.He saw people as the ones responsible for their politics and individual lives. He refused the notion that the devil was responsible for individual acts or the explanation that one was following God. He also did no accept the excuse of being only human or unloved by ones parents. It was not an excuse to follow the crowd for Sartre. He believed that people create their own moral set through the choices that they make in life. The people are the ones responsible for drawing their plans as to what they will or will not do (Sartre 1943).The philosophers of the traditional forms of humanism thought they co uld keep this idea of a manakin of prior nature without having God in mind. They had in mind an atheist view of nature as well as the notion of an ordered universe where things happened in a pre rigid and ordered manner. gibe to Sartre they were all wrong. This is because if essence precedes existence in general, that is ,if the laws that sets the limits of what things are and what they are able to have been established and determined before the things came into existence, then where would they exist?(Zunjic 2010). These philosophers have connected the concept of existence and essence in such a manner that existence signifies the instantiation of essence. If essence describes what a thing is and existence that it is then it follows that what is reasonable about any particular object and what can be thought about it will fit in its essence. Its from this kind of thinking that traditional philosophy drew its description for ones way of life. To them having essence meant that people could be placed within the universe that provided the ability for the human development.But Descartes disagreed with this type of thinking preferring a radical first person reflection of his own version of existence the I am. nonetheless he later on modified the old model by incorporating his existence as that of a substance determined by an essential property thinking. Thus the idea of reality according to Sartre is similar to that of Descartes, I am, I exists, therefore I am I am because I think, wherefore do I think? I dont want to think any more than I am because I think that I dont want to be. (Existentialism Is humanitarianism. 2010).In unofficial when Sartre says that existence precede essence he means that man first exists, he encounters himself, goes into the world and later on discovers or defines himself. When the man is not definable as the existentialist sees him it is because to start with, man is nothing. He will not be anything until some times later and then he will be what he makes himself to be at the end. Traditional views give priority to essence and high values for its features whereas Sartre gives priority to existence with its positive reevaluation of its contingency and temporality.With this reversed view Sartre believed we can give full tribute to man and his self creative capabilities. References Existentialism Is Humanism. (2010). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved May 17, 2010, from Encyclopedia Britannica Online http//www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/198165/Existentialism-Is-a-Humanism Sartre J. P. (1946), The Humanism of Existentialism. capital of the United Kingdom World Publishing Company Sartre (1943) Being and Nothingness. London World Publishing Company Zunjic Bob (2010). The Humanism of Existentialism. Retrieved May 17, 201017th, ,from http//www. uri. edu/personal/szunjic/philos/human. htm

Music Essays- Rave Culture Music

practice of medicine Essays- Rave Culture medicationRave Culture MusicSince its emergence in the late 1980s, the subfuroreure referred to as jet has be pay off a signifi trampt global early days phenomenon. Postmodern scholars tend to treat the rant sub kitchen-gardening as iodin of disappearance and pleasure. The armchair approach of postmodernists is entirely blemish because it fails to ac accreditledge the meaningful spiritual experiences of those attending spouts. Scott R. Hutsons The Rave Spiritual Healing in unexampled Western Subculturesintroduces an opposing theory that raving is a spiritual practice wherein the symbolic processes embedded in culture create appropriate frameworks for healing. Gilbert Rougets conceptualization of take in and how it is managed in the ritual condition provide the analytical foundations for this spiritual practice. This paper will analyze the role of the DJ as a leader of a self-discipline trance ritual who aided by key symbols, a ddresss the ravers on an joyous journey to paradise- a pre-social res publica of non-differentiation and communitas (Hutson 199954).Raves shit increasingly compel the focus of books, movies, and media c everyplaceage, and the culture has been the undercurrent prat just about of the latest medical specialty and fashion trends. Described by Merchant and McDonald as the most vibrant, democratic and visible heathenish expression of young people (Merchant and McDonald 199416), rave culture has had such an enormous conflict on the mainstream youth and popular culture that it is now often considered disjoint of the mainstream. The electronic and cadenceically exigent nature of the harmony, the long hours of leap, the semi-legal secret location, and the ingestion of psychoactive substances, differentiate raves from other youth parties. When have, these features ar ad hocally designed to promote feelings of connectedness, spirituality, and a state of ecstasy among modern-d ay youth. At the heart of these proceedings one encounters the respective(prenominal) responsible for the success or failure of the compensatet the Disc-Jockey or DJ. Using equipment to command the rhythm, run short, and lighting, the DJ guides individuals through a psychological journey of what some move over described as healing, identity operator transformation, and spiritual growth.Get help with your essay from our expert essay writersA small body of upstart publications on raves reflects the growing recognition that the rave scene provides a spiritual outlet for m whatever contemporary youth. The DJs position within this culture as a spiritual leader and guide has also been noted. What is uncertain, however, is the specific nature of this role. Poschardt contends that the DJs tendency toward laconic autism has made him a problematic object of study that has remained untouched by donnish study (Poschardt 199517). Similarly, Fikentscher observes that his gradual rise in the power structure of the medicinal drug industry has not been accompanied by a corresponding growth in academic literature (Fikentscher 200033). Although similarities hold been noted betwixt the function of the DJ in the rave culture, and that of the shaman in traditional cultures, a critical and in-depth academic analysis of the DJs work is inadequacying. It is often untrue that what ravers experience during raves is ecstasy, but a definition or thorough investigation of this state of knowingness is lacking. Similarly, references to trance or hypnotic states argon also presented as fact but explanations and indications of these states and how they are elicited are usually glossed over. Some authors appear to be completely baffled by the altered states of consciousness (ASCs) encountered at raves, their position clearly illustrates a poor appreciation of ASC phenomena. One author explains that ravers move in a hypnotic delirium which has been described as a trance jump. It is as if some sort of whirl has been cast over them causing the throng to lose themselves in their own thoughts while the pounding of the practice of medicine remains starkly unobtrusive (MacDonald et al. 1998243). Postmodern scholars shoot the breezem to avoid the subject of ASCs altogether, while ac drive inledging the atrocious fiber of the experience as grounds for its exclusion from academic inquiry. Additionally, the DJs expertise and the symbiotic human singingship he develops with the boundrs has also been neglected, perhaps due to the embodied, performative, and intuitive pieces under which these processes are informed. In an tone-beginning to explain this neglect, Gerard states that while the jump medication press, insider accounts and testimonials from DJs and dancers suggested a fertile ground for investigation, scholars tended to avoid the dialectical possibilities inherent in surgical operation analyses or phenomenologically inspired investigations by s imply treating such interactions as somehow undefinable (Gerard 2004170).Another embodied element so central to raving is body movement, that is the dance experience, and as Malbon remarks I note the reticence and/or in great power of both clubbers and academics to discuss dancing (Malbon 199971). It is probable that this reticence is partly rooted in the limitations of an armchair approach. It is obvious that many scholars of rave and club culture behave never physically participated in the contexts they are writing about. This armchair methodology is addressed by Gerard and Sidnell who call for an approach that is instead close in in the immediateRather than attempting to extricate symbolic meanings or covert subcultural agendas, future studies of contemporary dance practice of medicine would be best served from the dance floor and not the armchair. If as a number of authors have suggested, these music and dance spaces can be likened to ritual resultantidets, we should app roach them as such-not by serving portrait from text, as Bruce Kapferer has cautioned, but by framing analysis in the immediate and locally organized contexts of cordial process (Gerard and Sidnell 200036).This paper is an investigation the precise function of the DJ within the rave culture. This involves an investigation of the DJs training, of his techniques of the mechanisms involved in inducing altered states of consciousness (ASCs) in the rave context, of the experience of the participants with these states, and of the relationship amongst the DJ and rave participants.Much of the DJs elevated status and recent success has to do with the artistic license and technological innovations in music production that afford todays DJs with apparently limitless opportunities for creative development. This forces the DJ into a role as a paradoxical artist, a meta-musician whose performance is based on prerecorded music. The profession hence questions the traditional notion of alive performance and as Poschardt states, questions the traditional concept of the artist, blows it apart and re- try outes it in overhauled form (Poschardt 199515-16). An emblematic figure of the postmodern era, the DJ has been likened to a writer, an editor, and even a weaver of mosaics and tapestries. This is largely due to the techniques of mixing, remixing, and take, procedures that make each performance spontaneous, unique, unexpected, and thus live as opposed to prerecorded. Combining two records is referred to as mixing, remixing involves altering and thitherfore reinterpreting and existing song, and sampling consists of inserting any sound, melodious passage, or rhythm into an existing track at any desired point. This is where the creative element and metaphor of the DJ as writer is relevantI love the idea of continuous sampling like remixing e rattling(prenominal)thing as you go so writing is like that. Just like youre probably going to do edits, cuts and splice when youre editing this tape, I mean you do that with language, even when youre speaking, youre al courses picking and choosing what words youre using, the way youre going to describe something so everything is a mix. Im mainly a writer, DJing to me every DJ is a writer, youre using the urban landscape as your book, as your novel, as your text, so everything is writing (DJ unquiet in Reiss 1999).The ability to create new sounds and sample virtually anything also emphasizes the freedom of the artist.While there are DJ schools, information resources on the internet, and technical manuals available to those entering the DJ profession, most DJs are self-taught and the process of learning and refining skills for oneself seems to be the ultimate rite of passage into the trade. For the most part, DJs seem to turn down upon professional schools that offer courses in DJing, feeling that these schools are no more than the product of a recent fad. Most seemed to agree that experience and intuition are the greatest tools for learning available to an amateur, and these cannot be acquired in an academic institution.The notion of being self taught still allows DJs to be influenced by others or to have their careers assisted along the way. Fikentscher characterizes DJing as an oral tradition where experience is passed down to new artists from the DJs that hang before them (Fikentscher 200044). Like raves, DJs on the rise develop a following through word of give tongue to and the circulation of their music. At clubs and raves, the local and unknown DJs are given the probability to spin in the peripheral dwell while the headliner DJs spin in the main room. Through this tolerant of exposure, a DJ can develop a following and eventually graduate to the central room which mobs the best lighting and sound equipment. DJs have also been known to collaborate with other musicians in producing records, and even tour with other DJs thus picking up techniques along the way.A DJ must have an extensive knowledge of music tracks and remember such details as the rhythm, the vocals, and key structure, so that the current song will be complementary to the track that it is being combined or sampled with. Just as many ravers note an transmutation in the way they perceive Techno music through continued participation in the subculture, DJs also place a change in their tuneful perception that is oriented toward the more technical aspects of the music. Evidence for this kind of neural entertainment is support by the finding that the analytic left brain tends to dominate melodious processing in trained musicians, whereas for the untrained it is the right hemisphere that dominates (Wilkinson 20001).While there has been considerable news surrounding MDMA or Ecstasy use as a prerequisite for fully understanding and appreciating electronic music, in contrast to the majority of rave-goers who advocate drug use to get into the music, all of the DJs interviewed in a study by Dr. Mela nie L. Takahashi disagreed with this view. Although a majority had tried MDMA or other dance related drugs, the sentiment that the music combined with the skill of the DJ in its own right were fair to middling to elicit an ASC appeared to dominate. The DJs adeptness for musical perception and producing musical triggers for trance states could explain the incongruousness surrounded by DJs and participants views concerning drug use. All subjects interviewed performed their sets without taking drugs, the reason given being that these substances would negatively affect the assiduity required to perform a live show.Instrumentalists of possession rituals are reported to not ingest psychoactives or enter into trance during performances for similar reasons. According to Rouget, to do so would be incompatible with their function, which is to provide for hours on end and sometimes on several consecutive days, music whose execution must continuously aline itself to the circumstances (Roug et 1985103-104). Rouget argues that these musicians must therefore be external to the cult, such that they are not vulnerable to the music, or they must be experienced adepts who are able to withstand the effects of the music (Rouget 1985104).As the DJ is given the power to introduce the participants to an experience, it becomes increasingly important for the DJ to sustain the integrity of that experience. In Gerards 2004 article Selecting Ritual DJs, Dancers and Liminality in Underground Dance Music, Gerard describes the wideness of flow by framing the dance experience, and the process of mixing, as conduits for liminality as defined by Victor Turner (Turner 2003176). The DJ employs what Gerard coins as techniques of liminality which create periods of distrust for the dancers following the resolution. When the flow is interrupted by poor mixing the flash of spontaneous communitas is potentially threatened dancers are often drawn out of their rapturous state they return to an inc reased knowingness of both setting and self, and sometimes abandon the dance floor (Gerard 2004 176).In order to avoid losing existential integrity, DJs function in a manner similar to role players in possession rituals by developing an evoke and symbiotic relationship with the dancers. The dancers ability to achieve an ecstatic state is dependent on the DJs stage nominal head, his proficiency in intuitively reading and responding to the crowd, and his ability to form a temporary lodge with the dancers. Without these skills, the techniques of trance inductance on their own right are generally inadequate for eliciting what participants call an ecstatic state.In ceremonial possession, the notion of performance is a central element to the ritual. Instrumentalists perform for an auditory modality, and irrespective of an individuals familiarity with the music, the trance state is only gaind within the ritual context in the presence of others. Furthermore, additional aspects of rav es that are paired with the music (i.e. lighting, psychoactives) are generally absent at home even though they play an important role in trance induction. Also absent outside of the rave context is the inter mortalal relationship between the DJ and the participants. Similarly on the subject of possession rituals, Rouget emphasizes the importance of the connection between the instrumentalists and the dancers, stating in order to own trance in a particular person the priests and musicians establish a special relationship with him, make him an object of their solicitude, address themselves to him in an exclusive way, and become at the same time very attentive to what he himself is feeling (Rouget 1985112).At raves, participants recognize that a DJ must be selfless in order to establish this special bond. Although most DJs have a general idea of the style of music and the songs that they will play, it is accepted that flexibility is more important, and this is particularly relevant fo r touring DJs who must also adapt to regional differences in music tasteI know the records that are good to start the evening, but I dont prepare my set in advance. I watch and I react. I try to adapt. Every city is influenced by the people who ab initio created the scene. You have to adapt and still be true to yourself. In Germany, I play techno. In Belgium and Switzerland, its more funky tech house. In Spain, its predominantly techno, except in Barcelona and Ibiza where its house (Jack de Marseille in Huegli 200269).The active role of the crowd in shaping the mood and nimbus of the society also favors a more spontaneous approach.It is believed that DJs who prioritize the tastes of the crowd over their own, are humble DJs and that this quality is a precondition to a peoples DJ (Brewster and Broughton 199911-12). Cues indicating a DJs humility that were remarked upon, are gestures suggesting appreciation and gratitude toward the crowd such as bowing, clapping, eye-contact, and s miling. These gestures also play an important role in prisonbreak the artist/spectator barrier and this strengthens, and reifies the connection between the DJ and the dancers. Breaking the barrier between the artist and participant is another reason why DJ booths are centrally located at raves. It is important that the DJ see the dancers so that he can respond to them, and it is equally important for the participants to be in close physical proximity to the DJ, so that his ad hominemity and presence are able to come throughI dont feel like I have to hide and say, No one should see me when I DJ. Its all about the music. Bullshit People constantly fill someone they can connect to and they can identify with. I always felt that I could bring forth the music across in a more convincing way by using my personality. Because I give people an honest feeling. The most important thing is to see people standing mirthfully on the dance floor in the end (Sven Vath in Huegli 200218).All of t hese factors are conducive to breaking the barrier between the DJ and the dancers. The communication that occurs between the two is much more than music, lyrics, and the dance movements, or what Rouget refers to as the level of the code (Rouget 1985113). In reference to possession rituals, communication is established at the personal level, the emotional level of direct person-to-person relationships (Rouget 1985113).The active role of the dancers also reinforces the dismantling of the barrier between the performer and audience, and this is where the concept of the feedback loop between the DJ and participants is relevant. As DJ Spooky puts it, the DJ/audience relationship is like a symbiosis you know, its like a biological structure you know, I mean its like you are sending out information and pulses that the crowd in a way then sends back to you, and like youre like a focal point of the life force of these gathered people (Reiss 1999). There is also an emotional element involved in this symbiotic relationship which targets the DJ with responsibility for the emotions of the crowd of dancers. The DJs emotional state can be transmitted to the crowd through his music and consequently impacts the condition of the dancers.A DJs seeming lack of enthusiasm, his failure to make eye-contact, smile, or dance are indicators suggesting that he isnt having a good time, and this has consequences on the crowd. While the crowd is sensitive to these nonverbal indicators of the DJs affective state, the DJs mental state can influence his choice of music, and this too will impact the experience of the dancers. While electronic music has been accused by some of being repetitive, bland, and even minimal, there is a strong correlativity between the genres of Techno music and affect. For example, Terrorcore, Industrial Hardcore, Jungle, and Drum n Bass, are noted for bringing out obstreperous and negative emotional states in some individuals. Bold, militant rhythmic patterns, so unds of machinery, people screaming, and vocals with coarse language, are the kinds of sounds attributed to some of these music styles. It is generally felt that the people who are looking to experience negative and aggressive states hear out these types of events. In contrast, Trance, House, and Happy Hardcore, are generally characterized by warm melodic styles and positive lyrics that are noted for engendering such feelings as love, a ace of well-being, connectedness, and spirituality among participants.Depending on his mood, the DJ can strike tracks with vocals and melodies that accentuate positive floors, or tracks with sounds and lyrics that concentrate on the darker aspects of life. This is why a participants sense of trust in the DJ is so important. It becomes evident that there is a shared feeling of uncertainty arising from the inability to pinpoint the DJs intentionsI realized that the DJ had POWER over me. I was basically prostituting for the DJ I was a slave to what he had (the promise of the climax) and he was flexing his power and tweaking with me to see how much I could stretch myself out for it. It really scared me I think some DJs unimpeachably hold the power of a cult in their turntables and in their speakers, and its really not something that I want to get down on my knees for. Just a thought, Im not bag here. I still think rave is one of the best things the 20th century has to offer, but I think that if left unchecked, it could turn on us (cited in Takahashi and Olaveson 200386).At raves, the trance state is very much dependent on the individuals willingness to let go and trust the DJ in allowing him to guide the nature of his or her experience. One DJ regards the dancers as having a responsibility to meet him half(prenominal) way, As long as they are open for a while and let themselves go, they have the opportunity to feel things the way I intended them to (Heiko Laux, in Huegli 2002). Here again, the similarities between possession rituals and raves are apparent. Rouget characterizes the relation of the possessee to the musicians as the submission of the former to the latter (Rouget 1985112). The following description of the ndop ceremony highlights many of these striking resemblances including the instrumentalists ability to observe and respond to the dancers movements, and the bond established between the twoIn fact, a close interpersonal relationship develops at this point between drummer and possessee. The drummer takes charge of her, so to speak. Keeping very close to her, never leaving her side, concentrating on her slightest movements, incessantly observing her behavior in order to festinate up the tempo, or, on the contrary, relax it select the necessary types of beat and adjust the intensity of the stroke. Communicating the rhythm of the dance to her, he holds the possessed woman in his sway and leads her into the ever more violent whirlwind of his music. that if he is able to lead her in this way, and finally guide her where he wishes, it is because he has been able to establish a close understanding with her. It is because he can follow her that he is able to dominate her and compel his will upon her. He is the master of the game, but within a dialogue. He speaks music and she replies dance (Rouget 1985112).The theme of submission is also apparent in possession ceremonies in relation to the spirit beings that possess cult members. In the case of Haitian Vodou, for example, Bourguignon highlights extreme passivity as one of the prerequisites for trance inductionHowever, one aspect of submission-dominance seems of importance in relation to possession trance in person, as we have seen, is said to be mounted by the spirit, to be his horse. The personality of the individual, one of his souls called gros bon ange, is displaced and the body is taken over by the spirit. In other words, there is total subjection to the spirit and total submission to him (or her). The spirit, as a p owerful superhuman entity, can do as he pleases, both with the horse he has mounted and with other human beings present. We thus have an expression of extreme passivity in this interpretation of possession trance (Bourguignon 197640).At raves, references to the power of music in directing the body are reminiscent of possessions horse and rider metaphor. According to Sylvan, these accounts of submitting to the music suggest a trance state very similar to possession, in which music becomes the rider and the body becomes the horse, but without reference to any specific possessing spirit (Sylvan 2002129).In the rave locale, the DJ is equally influenced by the emotions of the crowd, where participant feedback is transmitted at the visceral level. While it is not unusual for participants to demonstrate their admiration for a DJ by whistling or chanting his name, for the most part, crowd feedback is nonverbal. Occurring as sets of coordinated body techniques that all ravers seem to intui tively know and all DJs can follow, these moves are acquired at the corporal level and most ravers seem to be unconscious or unaware of these movements. The responses to the DJ are well coordinated from an observers point of view. Fikentscher calls the essence of individual dancing bodies the corporal performance wherein the bodies of the dancers can potentially unite to form one musical instrument (Fikentscher 200058-59). As McCall suggests, this process is mediated by dancers observation of subconscious cues. These cues create a placement where people are helping each other dance without knowing it, feeding off the collective anticipation for that moment of synergy where it feels like utter madness cheers, claps, whistles, hands in the air. Suddenly everyone is dancing in unison (McCall 200193).When the dancers are in sync with one another, the boundaries between individuals seem to vanish as the crowd appears to function as one organism (McCall 200195). This process of synchro nization also encompasses the entry into a collective psychic space.In Music and Trance A Theory of the Relations Between Music and Possession, Rouget emphasizes that rituals of possession are embedded within rich cultural traditions wherein trance is a learned and culturally patterned process. In these traditions, the musical motifs, instruments, and dance steps are localized to specific gods and myths, and thus the music operates as the principal authority of socializing trance (Rouget 1985323). Rouget argues that it is the possessees ability to identify emotionally with the music and dancing as signifiers of cultural knowledge, that enables him to enter the trance state. This is where electronic music departs from possession music. Although raves are emotionally charged events, the music and dance movements are not rooted in a specific cultural tradition other than rave. Nevertheless, there is an inherent power in the music to evoke extraordinary states of consciousness and this is where the universal agents involved in triggering trance are paramount. DJs have not only utilized these mechanisms to induce trance among participants, but the available technology in sound and music production has given artists the agency to refine these practices into a science of precision. To a certain extent, these technological advancements compensate for the lack of cultural signifiers, as DJs have access to a range of equipment that is clearly absent in ceremonial possession.Electronic music producers are creating works that are intended to elicit specific states in the brain, and advancements in sound and ocular effects at raves create the optimal listen environment for these tracks. Even though the sophisticated scripted process of initiation as observed in ceremonial possession is lacking at raves, these features when combined with the DJs proficiency in track selection and crowd interaction, and the learning on the part of participants in recognizing and respond ing to the DJs cues, account for the ASCs that people are reporting at raves. many a(prenominal) DJs as well as experienced rave participants have developed their senses in such a way that they perceive Techno music differently than those who have never been exposed to it. This shift in musical perception is a learned by-product of repeatedly exposing the auditory system to new stimuli, and this transition is a key part of the scripted process as well as a prerequisite to ASC induction. For DJs and their fans, listening entertainment is only a small part of the electronic music scene. Specifically, the tones, frequencies and beats of electronic music are designed by producers and further refined by DJs to target the body in precise ways. Electronic music is intended to be physically experienced and this is evinced by the fact that many veterans of the rave scene describe the music as having a three-dimensional vibrational quality that transcends the traditional way music is perceive d. The body-centered quality of the music is deeply intrinsic to electronic music culture and this is the common meander that links the numerous classifications of rave music.Computer technology has provided the DJ with the power to totally control the means of perception at raves. Whereas the tonalities and structures of traditional music are limited by the parameters of the instruments on which they are play electronic music sets tonality loose releasing creativity from the discipline-and exclusivity-of musicianship (Hemment 199729). As Gauthier remarks, Techno becomes a presence that cannot be ignored-more, it is a shock whose intensity is only matched by the bodys urge to give in to it, an aggression made positive through the festive context (Gauthier 200475). The dominance of the music is also supported by the high volume of the music. According to Fikentscher, this ensures the authority of the DJ as the music establishes absolute anteriority over other acoustic phenomena con versation, handclapping, foot stomping, yelling, whistling (Fikentscher 200385). Some electronic musicians are even experimenting with sounds that go beyond the human auditory range. Fritz argues that sounds that vibrate through the body without being heard may be partly responsible for the powerful emotional response people have when listening to rave music (Fritz 199978).While the majority of DJs are not necessarily versed in the scientific literature on trance states, or use scientific language to describe what they do, there is an underlying intuitive knowledge of what works with the crowd at raves. Rouget observes that an interruption in the musics flow is used cross-culturally to induce trance. Such catalysts as the acceleration of tempo, the crescendo in volume, the use of polyrhythm, rhythmic changes such as syncopation, and even a brief cessation of the music, are techniques that interrupt the musics flow, triggering trance (Rouget 198580-84). Rouget notes that most possess ion ceremonies begin slowly, gradually intensifying throughout the evening with the onset of possession being the climax of the event (ibid 198580-84). The methods implemented by instrumentalists in interrupting the musics flow function to intensify the sound and atmosphere of possession rituals. With electronic music, the idea of accent and release is a built-in characteristic of all classifications of rave music. Thus while Trance, Jungle, and House may differ with regard to tempo, meter, instrumentation, and use of lyrics, the same techniques of building tension are employed by DJs in all three genres. As Reynolds notes rave music has always been structured around the delay of climax and the anticipation of a plateau of bliss that can be neither exceeded nor released (Reynolds 199456).This paper examined the role of the electronic music DJ, and how DJing has evolved into an art-from as well as a science. Technology has played a pivotal role in shaping the development of rave cult ure. At its core, the music that binds this global culture together is created, exchanged, performed, and experienced through computer-mediated technology. According to Wilson, a reverence to and celebration of technology, and an implicit and explicit belief in progress through technology, is one of the underlying doctrines of rave culture (Wilson 2003386). As Gauthier remarks in reference to rave culture, technology is synonymous with possibility, and stands as a prerequisite for creation, collection and effervescence (Gauthier 200471). Raves would be crippled without technology and this reinforces Reynolds point that rave music is not about what the music means but how it works (Reynolds 19989). The DJ is the expert in knowing how electronic music works. His marvelous knowledge of repertoire, aptitude for musical memory, technical prowess at the turntable, charismatic presence on stage, and ability to interact with, read, and manipulate the crowd, have awarded him the power to take his dancers on what participants have described as an ecstatic journey.